Toby advises and appears in disputes governed by public international law, for states, institutions and individuals. His work covers state responsibility, treaty interpretation, immunities, the obligations of states under the human rights and humanitarian law treaties, and the point at which those obligations meet domestic law.

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He has appeared before the International Court of Justice, the European Court of Human Rights and the Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina, and brings petitions before the UN human rights mechanisms, including the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention and the Special Procedures. Much of this work is for individuals detained or prosecuted in circumstances that engage a state's international obligations, where an international forum is the only effective remedy left.

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He also advises governments on constitutional and legislative reform, and has served as legal and constitutional adviser to governments and attorneys general in a number of post-conflict states. He has given evidence and made submissions to the European Parliament, the United Nations, the United States Congress and the World Bank.

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SELECTED WORK

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• Counsel in Canada and the Netherlands v Syrian Arab Republic before the International Court of Justice, under the Convention against Torture. [Confirm instructing party and role.]

• Legal Adviser, Office of the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina: constitutional and legislative reform, criminal code drafting and asset forfeiture.

• Senior International Lawyer, Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina.

• Petitions to the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention for individuals detained in breach of international fair trial standards.